Abstract

The discovery of loss of energy, increase of wavelength of photon proportionally to the time/distance while passing through the space undisturbed was falsely attributed to recession cause or relative motion of the emitter and receiver of the radiation. The observations of Pioneer 10 and 11, Galileo and Ulysses spacecrafts so called “anomalous acceleration” proves that the Hubble discovered nebular red-shift is universal and distance caused – with astronomical consequences. Not only the cosmology has to rebuild the entire science, starting from its foundation, but the hard science of physics also will have to undergo major renovations.

PACS numbers: 98.80.-k, 04.50.+h, 04.80.-y 95.55.Pe

Introduction

Edwin Hubble warned us “the possibility that the red-shift may be due to some other cause, connected with the long time or distance involved in the passage of light from the nebula to observer, should not be prematurely neglected”. [1] “it seems likely that red-shifts may not be due to an expanding Universe, and much of the speculation on the structure of the universe may require re-examination.” [5] Hubble lectured in 1947, now we have to listen. Our attention is turned to Hubble’s warning by the discovered in the Doppler velocity measurements of distant spacecrafts anomaly, excess red-shift, proportional to the distance. Red-shift – proportional to the distance: only the Hubble discovered nebular red-shift versus distance law comes in mind, but it is explained through “recession”. The location and the motion of the space vehicles could be checked frequently and there is no “recession”. Could it be that we got it wrong and the Hubble red-shift is distance caused?

Observations and calculations

“Indication, from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo, and Ulysses Data, of an Apparent Anomalous, Weak, Long-Range Acceleration” was reported first in 1998 [7] and a more detailed study was presented last year [6]. At about the same time as the observations were first reported the author introduced an idea for the explanation of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation based on the distance cause of nebular red-shift and in two years succeeded to show a possibility that the radiation is originated in the Olber’s predicted wall of stellar surfaces at very large distances in a homogeneous infinite Universe. [8] An exposure to the Pioneer 10 findings of excess red-shift as a function of distance sparked the idea of similarities, based on distance cause of nebular red-shift and it’s universality.

The spacecraft ranging and Doppler velocity measurements are performed by sending a radio signal from the Earth to the spacecraft, from which an active transponder returns it back. The time of the signal travel is used for the position calculation verification and the Doppler effect of frequency change with its high accuracy provides an additional verification of the relative velocity. The observed anomaly lies in the value of observed velocity using the Doppler effect: it is more than the calculated and verified by the frequent position measurements using the time of travel of the radio signal. Using the t time of travel of the radio signal the excess red-shift could be expressed in term of Doppler velocity, resulting from a multiplication of the t by an apparent acceleration constant a_P, a proportionality coefficient between the distance and the red-shift. The value of the “anomalous acceleration” was found the same for each spacecrafts and it could be interpreted from the distance caused nebular red-shift interpretation as the ratio of c speed of light to the Hd Hubble wavelength doubling time/distance constant.

2 * a_P * t / c = t / Hd / ln (2) --> a_P = c / 2 / Hd / ln (2) (1)

Eq. (1) is the transition from an alleged Doppler velocity to distance cause representation for t / Hd << 1, where 2 * a_P * t is the Doppler velocity.

As a result of this evaluation the observed red-shift in the future should be interpreted as the sum of the two effects: Doppler effect from the relative velocities of the emitter and the observer and Hubble effect resulting from the time of travel of the light or electromagnetic wave in general:

(v / c + 2^(t / Hd) –1 ) = Dnu / nu (2)

Where v is the relative velocity of emitter and the observer, Dnu is the difference in the frequencies, emitted minus observed or red-shift and nu is the observed frequency.

Conclusion

There is an urgent need in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) Deep Space Network (DSN) accuracy improvement until the Pioneer 10 still returns the signals in order to get a better understanding of photon energy loss and more accurate values of Hubble distance constant, a fundamental property of matter not readily available to study. The indicated in the title finding that the nebular red-shift is distance caused and the following from it tasks ahead of us does not give us the luxury to wait for more information, verification. We spent too much time already with mistaken identity. The developed here interpretation of observed red-shift as a sum of Doppler and Hubble effects should be considered in the evaluation of observations with Pioneer 10.

Electronic address: alistolmar@3dresearch.com

References

1. Two methods of investigating the nature of nebular red-shift – Edwin Hubble and Richard C. Tolman, Bibcode: 1935ApJ....82..302H

2. H0: The incredible shrinking constant, 1925-1975 – Virginia Trimble Bibcode: 1996PASP..108.1073T

3. Dipole Anisotropy in the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers First-Year Sky Maps - Kogut. A. at al. Bibcode: 1993ApJ...419....1K

4. Effects of Red Shifts on the Distribution of Nebulae - Hubble Edwin Bibcode: 1936ApJ....84..517H

5. The 200-inch telescope and some problems it may solve - Edwin Hubble Bibcode: 1947PASP...59..153H

6. The Apparent Anomalous, Weak, Long-Range Acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11 - Slava G. Turyshev at al. gr-qc/9903024

7. Indication, from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo, and Ulysses Data, of an Apparent Anomalous, Weak, Long-Range Acceleration - John D. Anderson at al. gr-qc/9808081

8. The Other Possible Cause of Red-shift – Aladar Stolmar (unpublished)