Mass and Age of Photons
Aladar Stolmar
(June 22, 2000)
The discovery of loss of energy, increase of wavelength of photon proportionally to the time/distance while passing through the space undisturbed was falsely attributed to recession cause or relative motion of the emitter and receiver of the radiation. The observations of Pioneer 10 and 11, Galileo and Ulysses spacecrafts so called “anomalous acceleration” proves that the Hubble discovered nebular red-shift is universal and distance caused – with astronomical consequences. Not only the cosmology has to rebuild the entire science, starting from its foundation, but the hard science of physics also will have to undergo major renovations. The first steps of renovations are performed here by introduction of a basic mass equivalent photon and an age factor, using the fundamental constant of Hubble wavelength doubling time/distance to represent the photons in unison with the particles.
PACS numbers: 98.80.Es, 78.70.-g, 78.90.+t, 95.30.-k
Edwin Hubble warned us “the possibility that the red-shift may be due to some other cause, connected with the long time or distance involved in the passage of light from the nebula to observer, should not be prematurely neglected”. [1] “it seems likely that red-shifts may not be due to an expanding Universe, and much of the speculation on the structure of the universe may require re-examination.” [5] Hubble lectured in 1947, now we have to listen. Our attention is turned to Hubble’s warning by the discovered anomaly in the Doppler velocity measurements of distant spacecrafts, excess red-shift, proportional to the distance. Red-shift – proportional to the distance: only the Hubble discovered nebular red-shift versus distance law comes in mind, but it is explained through “recession”. The location and the motion of the space vehicles could be checked frequently and there is no “recession”. Could it be that we got it wrong and the Hubble red-shift is distance caused? Yes, we got it wrong and the observed red-shift has to be represented as a sum of the Doppler effect and Hubble effect [9]. At the mean time it raises the issue of conservation: the photon is aging, the energy decreases proportional to the time traveled.
“Indication, from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo, and Ulysses Data, of an Apparent Anomalous, Weak, Long-Range Acceleration” was reported first in 1998 [7] and a more detailed study was presented last year [6]. At about the same time as the observations were first reported the author introduced an idea for the explanation of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation based on the distance cause of nebular red-shift and in two years succeeded to show a possibility that the radiation is originated in the Olber’s predicted wall of stellar surfaces at very large distances in a homogeneous infinite Universe. [8] An exposure to the Pioneer 10 findings of excess red-shift as a function of distance sparked the idea of similarities, based on distance cause of nebular red-shift and it’s universality, resulting the [9] response with the introduction of interpreting the observed red-shift as a sum of Doppler effect and Hubble effect.
The Hubble effect could be represented as an initial frequency changing in time in a universal manner. Using the t time of travel of the photon the red-shift could be expressed in term of frequency change, resulting from a division of the original frequency nu0 by 2 on the power of ratio of time t to the Hubble wavelength doubling time Hd.
nu = nu0 / (2^( t / Hd)) (1)
Eq. (1) is the distance cause representation of Hubble effect in equivalent time form, where nu is the frequency at observation, after t time passed from the origination with a frequency nu0. This equation (1) is a universal equation not only in the sense that it is the same for every initial frequency nu0, but also in the sense that any nu frequency photon could be represented as some standard basic nu0 frequency “new” photon with a fictive age t. When the re-arranged eq. (2) is used for distance determination it is used for a series of nu0 and nu identifiable frequencies originated and observed to find the age, time of travel of photons, distance from the observer to the source of rays.
t = log(nu0 / nu) / log (2) * Hd (2)
For a common representation of photons with different frequencies a mass equivalency is proposed based on the collision (or crossing) event number representation of the rest-masses, developed by the author [10]. In this representation the rest-mass of an electron is equals to 27 collisions. The proposed for the basic photon mass equivalent will be 2 collisions, or 2 * me / 27. This also amounts to a representation of Planck constant through the properties of a selected standard photon and the speed of light. Equations (3) and (4) are the energy of a mass equivalent photon, represented from mass and from impulse side. It is proposed to equal this standard mass equivalent state to 2/27*me.
E0 = m0 * c^2 = 2/27*me*c^2 (3)
E0 = h * nu0 (4)
From where we get:
h = m0/nu0 * c^2 = 2/27*me/nu0*c^2 (5)
The consideration of the possible polarization supports the selection of 2 collisions as a basic photon mass. I propose to use for basic frequency the mass equivalent frequency, when a photon’s mass equals 2/27th of an electron rest-mass, or the continuous, mass-like existence of two crossing events constitute the basic photon for the constants as we know here for the vacuum with a mass=energy of m0 = 5.934044e-15 J and nu0 = 8.9554585e18 Hz.
The relative age could be found as tnu = log (nu0 / nu) / log (2) * Hd to replace the frequency representation of the photons. It is valid only up to nu0 frequency. At higher frequencies more then two collision events will construct a photon with different from below that wave properties. It could be tested as a prediction, and could provide justification for the selected two collision equivalent mass. The prediction is that if the standard mass is correctly selected then the diffraction of photons with higher then 9e18 Hz frequencies will show larger then normal wavelengths. (Or the sharpest X-ray pictures are from machines with less then 8.9e18 Hz rays.)
As a result of this evaluation we will be able to assign the equivalent mass to the photons, only the time of transfer of this mass-equivalent energy will be different for different age/wavelength photons. The representation of photons as well as particles as crossing event regular arrangements, from which the regular photons up to about 9e18 Hz contain only two crossings enables us to handle uniformly the interactions between the particles and photons in any combinations.
The age term for the photons, introduced to describe the loss of energy by the photon during it’s passage from the emitter to the observer got extended to describe the different frequencies from a standard state, or “new” photon. The observation of a photon does not provide details about the origin of the state – age or frequency or wavelength – at the observation. We already introduced the overall representation of the current frequency as an age tnu and the Hubble effect – where this representation was originated – presents a clear age or time duration. The structure of photons could be pictured as a spherical surface object with two progressing on the surface collision events and the sphere’s radius increases in time – while moves in the substance with the speed c, corresponding to the probability of spontaneous collision events.
In [9] the Doppler effect also was shown with the Hubble effect [9. Eq. (2)] as two overlapping effects. Which suggests that the representation of the mixed effects of Doppler effect with Hubble effect is necessary when the distance is determined.
t = log(nu0 / nu – v / c) / log (2) * Hd (6)
The Doppler effect’s correction for time of signal travel as per eq. (6) (this is the only possible negative component) and a Hubble distance equivalent component together give the correct distance of galaxies from the observed red-shift. (There is a possible gravity component, but it is not being evaluated here.) Multiplying the resulted from eq. (6) t signal travel time by the speed of light c gives the distance of the emitter, - which had a relative radial velocity of recession v - from the observer. This is a vector component and could be plus or minus, or for a rotating galaxy – both on different sides from the central region.
The first introduction of a new representation of photons based on the Hubble constant sketches-up some interesting possibilities to be further developed. The representation of all the photons through a standard state and an age opens the possibility of uniform representation of Hubble effect and even the different wavelengths of generation of the photons in the same manner. The standard state is tide to an assumed construction of particles as collision event progressions and a given standard condition represented by the speed of light and the Planck constant, also it represents a verifiable mass and energy equivalence. A correction technique for the Doppler effect also was developed, allowing a more precise calculation of distances of galaxies from the observed red-shift.
Electronic
address: alistolmar@3dresearch.com
References
1.
Two methods of
investigating the nature of nebular red-shift – Edwin Hubble and Richard C.
Tolman, Bibcode: 1936ApJ....84..517H
2. H0: The incredible shrinking constant, 1925-1975 – Virginia Trimble Bibcode: 1996PASP..108.1073T
3. Dipole Anisotropy in the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers First-Year Sky Maps - Kogut. A. at al. Bibcode: 1993ApJ...419....1K
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5. The 200-inch telescope and some problems it may solve - Edwin Hubble Bibcode: 1947PASP...59..153H
6. The Apparent Anomalous, Weak, Long-Range Acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11 - Slava G. Turyshev at al. gr-qc/9903024
7. Indication, from Pioneer 10/11, Galileo, and Ulysses Data, of an Apparent Anomalous, Weak, Long-Range Acceleration - John D. Anderson at al. gr-qc/9808081
8. The Other Possible Cause of Red-shift – Aladar Stolmar (unpublished)
9. Pioneer 10 Anomalous Acceleration Is Distance Caused Hubble Red-shift - Aladar Stolmar (Phys. Rev. Lett. – pending)
10. Universe 1993 – Aladar Stolmar – ISBN 9630295121