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If you have asked the question: - "Why
does the speed of light appear to be constant in the vacuum and why does it
appear to be a speed 
limit for everything?" - then you are in the right place!
Seems everyone avoids the following basic questions:
1. Why do we find these elements everywhere in the Universe?
2. Why do these elements' nuclei have these masses?
3. Why do they show these proportions in their amounts, abundance?
4. Why do they have different affinity to the thermal neutrons?
I found one common answer to these questions: Because of what they are built
from.
It defines the how can the nuclei - atoms - form and that in turn defines their
stability which translates to their abundance, results in the -
"mysterious" by the current state of academia - "empirical mass
defects" and - as the evaluation of all isotopes shows - defines the
affinity to the neutron.
The proposed constructing elements are collision events of the elements of an
underlying substance. The collision defines a pattern of collisions as
regularity requirement and these patterns define the number of elements in a
shell of an overlapping shell structure. When the number of elements is
calculated from the atomic weight data - using the transition of 27 elements
equals to one electron's rest mass - the answers to all four of the above
questions just pop out naturally.
1. Why do we find these elements everywhere in the Universe?
Because the collision events are the same constructing elements everywhere and
the transition to a stabile structure occurs at the Hydrogen and neutron -
shell number six - and the structure becomes too soft, there are no more
anchoring elements after Bismuth even the shell #10 only filled 3/4 and a small
stability region is found only near a regular portion of this shell (Thorium
and Uranium) after that. The missing of nuclei with A = 5 atomic mass numbers
and with A = 8 atomic mass numbers is explained by the fact that the same shell
structure results in a smooth, bold surface for the alpha particle, He4 nuclei
- it also explains the alpha decay and reactions resulting it - as the closing
element of shell number 7.
2. Why do these elements' nuclei have these masses?
Because the structure allows only these configurations, the anchoring on the
underlying shell structure causes these masses.
3. Why do they show these proportions in their amounts, abundance?
Because the more regular is a construction the more likely that it will survive
and will be the final product of fissions, decays and reactions. The most
abundant elements - the abundance data is shown on the Figures - are at the
closing of shells or at regular portions of the shells. Hydrogen, Helium and Oxygen are the
closing elements of shells 6, 7 and 8 the shell number 9 is the last closed
shell and the Zn64 and Ni64 are the closing isotopes - which were identified as
the underlying structure for the heavier nuclei. The higher abundance of Iron
at the 5/6 of shell number 9 correlate to the fact that the shell # 10 is a too
soft structure, overweight if you need an analogy.
4. Why do they have different affinity to the thermal neutrons?
Because the numbers of protruding elements are different on their surfaces.
Surprisingly these numbers are indicated by the atomic weight data. At the next
link you can find all the elements neutron absorption cross section in
correlation with the number of protruding elements, calculated from the atomic
weight data.
Composite atom: There are no Neutrons and Protons in the nuclei, but each nucleus is an individual unique object, built from the same elementary building blocks. Also the electrons do not orbit around the nucleus, but surround it, enclose it into their sphere(s). There is a direct communication between the elements of electrons and the elements of the nucleus. The nuclei can reconstruct their electron shells in the event that they lost it due to outside forces.
Expanding Universe and Big
Bang: The Hubble red shift is an indication of fatigue of
constructing elements and not of a movement. The Universe just exists, does not
expand and there was no Big Bang. The excess red-shift observed in the Pioneer
10 Doppler measurements, background infrared
radiation and the Cosmic
Microwave Background radiation – with the superimposed Doppler effect from
the Earth’s motion - proves it.
Black holes: There are no black holes.
These statements are based on the realization of our limitations and the deducted from it Stolmar Field and Shell theories.
Clicking on the subjects you may jump from one to the other, but for a first time visitor it is advisable to follow the order left to right.
Physic's subject , Title , Shell theory , Field theory , Chart of Elements
Formulated for easy reading shell theory
This
web site is designed to provoke dispute – and eventually convince you that it’s
time to change our views.
